Journal of Reproductive Immunology
Volume 83, Issue 1 , Pages 190-195 , December 2009

Cell-mediated immunity to HIV in the female reproductive tract

  • Barbara L. Shacklett

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    • Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence address: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 3146 Tupper Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Tel.: +1 530 752 6785; fax: +1 530 752 8692.

Received 16 December 2008 ,Revised 12 July 2009 ,Accepted 16 July 2009.

References 

  1. Barna M, et al. Sex differences in susceptibility to viral infection of the central nervous system. J. Neuroimmunol. 1996;67:31–39
  2. Berkhout B, et al. The antiviral activity of the milk protein lactoferrin against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Biometals. 2004;17:291–294
  3. Boasso A, et al. Regulatory T cell markers, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and virus levels in spleen and gut during progressive simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Virol. 2007;81:11593–11603
  4. Burgos JS, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection via the bloodstream with apolipoprotein E dependence in the gonads is influenced by gender. J. Virol. 2005;79:1605–1612
  5. Dalal M, et al. Testosterone therapy ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces a T helper 2 bias in the autoantigen-specific T lymphocyte response. J. Immunol. 1997;159:3–6
  6. Doria A, et al. Th2 immune deviation induced by pregnancy: the two faces of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Reprod. Toxicol. 2006;22:234–241
  7. Fahey JV, et al. Secretion of cytokines and chemokines by polarized human epithelial cells from the female reproductive tract. Hum. Reprod. 2005;20:1439–1446
  8. Fahey JV, Wira CR. Effect of menstrual status on antibacterial activity and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor production by human uterine epithelial cells in culture. J. Infect. Dis. 2002;185:1606–1613
  9. Fox HS, et al. Estrogen regulates the IFN-gamma promoter. J. Immunol. 1991;146:4362–4367
  10. Gumbi PP, et al. Impact of mucosal inflammation on cervical HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell responses in the female genital tract during chronic HIV infection. J. Virol. 2008;82:8529–8536
  11. Haase AT. Perils at mucosal front lines for HIV and SIV and their hosts. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2005;5:783–792
  12. Hildeman D, Muller D. Immunopathologic weight loss in intracranial LCMV infection initiated by the anorexigenic effects of IL-1beta. Viral Immunol. 2000;13:273–285
  13. Hladik F, McElrath MJ. Setting the stage: host invasion by HIV. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008;8:447–457
  14. Hu J, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus rapidly penetrates the cervicovaginal mucosa after intravaginal inoculation and infects intraepithelial dendritic cells. J. Virol. 2000;74:6087–6095
  15. Ibarrondo FJ, et al. Parallel human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte responses in blood and mucosa during chronic infection. J. Virol. 2005;79:4289–4297
  16. Iqbal SM, et al. Elevated T cell counts and RANTES expression in the genital mucosa of HIV-1-resistant Kenyan commercial sex workers. J. Infect. Dis. 2005;192:728–738
  17. Kaul R, et al. HIV-1-specific mucosal CD8+ lymphocyte responses in the cervix of HIV-1-resistant prostitutes in Nairobi. J. Immunol. 2000;164:1602–1611
  18. Kaul R, et al. Quantitative ex vivo analysis of functional virus-specific CD8 T lymphocytes in the blood and genital tract of HIV-infected women. AIDS. 2003;17:1139–1144
  19. Kawana K, et al. Female steroid hormones use signal transducers and activators of transcription protein-mediated pathways to modulate the expression of T-bet in epithelial cells: a mechanism for local immune regulation in the human reproductive tract. Mol. Endocrinol. 2005;19:2047–2059
  20. Kobayashi A, et al. Lymphoid follicles are generated in high-grade cervical dysplasia and have differing characteristics depending on HIV status. Am. J. Pathol. 2002;160:151–164
  21. Li Q, et al. Visualizing antigen-specific and infected cells in situ predicts outcomes in early viral infection. Science. 2009;323:1726–1729
  22. Mandl JN, et al. Divergent TLR7 and TLR9 signaling and type I interferon production distinguish pathogenic and nonpathogenic AIDS virus infections. Nat. Med. 2008;14:1077–1087
  23. Mo R, et al. Estrogen regulates CCR gene expression and function in T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 2005;174:6023–6029
  24. Musey L, et al. Ontogeny and specificity of mucosal and blood human immunodeficiency virus-1 specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Virol. 2003;77:291–300
  25. Musey L, et al. HIV-1 induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the cervix of infected women. J. Exp. Med. 1997;185:293–303
  26. Napravnik S, et al. Gender difference in HIV RNA levels: a meta-analysis of published studies. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2002;31:11–19
  27. Peuchmaur M, et al. HIV-associated endometritis. AIDS. 1989;3:239–241
  28. Phiel KL, et al. Differential estrogen receptor gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations. Immunol. Lett. 2005;97:107–113
  29. Prins M, et al. Do gender differences in CD4 cell counts matter?. AIDS. 1999;13:2361–2364
  30. Reynolds MR, et al. CD8+ T-lymphocyte response to major immunodominant epitopes after vaginal exposure to simian immunodeficiency virus: too late and too little. J. Virol. 2005;79:9228–9235
  31. Saidi H, et al. R5-and X4-HIV-1 use differentially the endometrial epithelial cells HEC-1A to ensure their own spread: implication for mechanisms of sexual transmission. Virology. 2007;358:55–68
  32. Saito S, et al. Regulatory T cells and regulatory natural killer (NK) cells play important roles in feto-maternal tolerance. Semin. Immunopathol. 2007;29:115–122
  33. Tilburgs T, et al. Evidence for a selective migration of fetus-specific CD4+CD25bright regulatory T cells from the peripheral blood to the decidua in human pregnancy. J. Immunol. 2008;180:5737–5745
  34. Wawer MJ, et al. Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. J. Infect. Dis. 2005;191:1403–1409
  35. Whitacre CC, et al. A gender gap in autoimmunity. Science. 1999;283:1277–1278
  36. White HD, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-specific and CD3-redirected cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in the human female reproductive tract: lack of correlation between mucosa and peripheral blood. J. Infect. Dis. 2001;183:977–983
  37. Wira CR, Fahey JV. A new strategy to understand how HIV infects women: identification of a window of vulnerability during the menstrual cycle. AIDS. 2008;22:1909–1917
  38. Wira CR, et al. Innate and adaptive immunity in female genital tract: cellular responses and interactions. Immunol. Rev. 2005;206:306–335
  39. Yeaman GR, et al. Unique CD8+ T cell-rich lymphoid aggregates in human uterine endometrium. J. Leukoc. Biol. 1997;61:427–435
  40. Yokoyama WM. Mistaken notions about natural killer cells. Nat. Immunol. 2008;9:481–485

PII: S0165-0378(09)00454-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.07.012

Journal of Reproductive Immunology
Volume 83, Issue 1 , Pages 190-195 , December 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution